1. Determine that tube feeding is necessary. If a newborn lamb or kid has not nursed within 4 hours of birth, it should be offered a bottle. If an animal is nursing or can take a bottle, there is no need to tube feed.
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10. As shown in the photo, after the required amount of fluid has been administered, crimp off or plug the end of the tube as it is withdrawn from the animal; this prevents the animal from inhaling any fluid as the tube is withdrawn across the pharynx.
A desirable goal in surgery for ventricular tachycardia seems to be the development of a direct technique avoiding ventriculotomy, which has well-known harmful effects on the function of the left ventricle. This study is aimed at creating deep cryolesions, reaching to the subendocardial layers, on a closed ventricle. Forty-five cryolesions were performed with extracorporeal circulation in 15 piglets, applying a nitrogen protoxide tube (8 mm, -80 degrees C) on the left ventricle for two minutes. In each animal, 3 cryolesions were created at three different myocardial temperatures: 37 degrees C, 28 degrees C and 10 degrees C. The lesions created at a myocardial temperature of 10 degrees C were significantly (p
BS and YG designed the study. BS conducted the animal trial, analysed the samples and wrote the manuscript. PL and HX contributed to the animal feeding and sample analyses. ZW and JY assisted with the manuscript preparation. BZ and ZL helped with sample collection and data analyses. ZW, JY, BZ, ZL, ZS and YG contributed to the manuscript amendment. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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